Forecasts and Predictions (2024)

Forecast guidance refers to computer-generated output that utilizes environmental forcing equations and observations to assist in the preparation of a forecast. Numerical weather and oceanographic forecast models produce forecast guidance for various oceanographic and atmospheric conditions at both the global and regional scales.

NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) develops and maintains several weather, ocean, and climate numerical guidance systems. A full list of the operational models run by NCEP can be found on their Numerical Forecast/Analysis Systems webpage. Descriptions of and links to the forecast modeling systems that are useful for navigation can be found below.

Animated precipitation map produced from a run of the Global Forecast System (GFS).

Global Forecast Modeling Systems

GFSwave

The model runs as a coupled component to the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) and Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS). The NWS/NCEP operational global wave model (WAVEWATCH III) produces forecast guidance for wave height, direction, and period, as well as wind speed and direction, throughout the world’s oceans was replaced by this model. Users can choose between local, regional, and full-basin forecast zones to view the forecast guidance for several wave and wind conditions (e.g., significant wave height; primary swell wave height; peak wave period). The model is run four times each day, and each run produces hourly forecasts out to 120 hours and 3-hour forecasts out to 180 hours.

Global Real-Time Ocean Forecast System (GRTOFS)

The National Weather Service (NWS) Global Real-Time Ocean Forecast System (GRTOFS) provides forecast guidance for water levels, water temperature, salinity, and currents out to 144 hours (6 days) for most of the world’s oceans. The "Nowcast/Forecast Viewer" allows users to visualize the forecast guidance of each condition, and the model data can be downloaded as individual NetCDF files, OpenDAP urls, and regional GRIB2 files. The model has one forecast cycle per day at 0000 UTC, which uses 3-hourly meteorological forecast guidance from the NWS/NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS); each forecast cycle is preceded with a 48-hr long nowcast/data assimilation cycle. The system uses the Hybrid Coordinates Ocean Model (HYCOM), an eddy resolving, hybrid coordinate numerical ocean prediction model; it has a horizontal resolution of 1/12 degree and 32 hybrid vertical layers.

NOAA (NOS) Global Extratropical Surge and Tide Operational Forecast System (Global ESTOFS)

NOAA’s Global Extratropical Surge and Tide Operational Forecast System (Global ESTOFS) provides users with nowcasts (analyses of near present conditions) and forecast guidance of water level conditions for the entire globe. Global ESTOFS serves the marine navigation, weather forecasting, and disaster mitigation user communities. The modeling system is run four times per day, and water level forecast guidance is provided out to 180 hours (nowcast for previous 6 hours followed by 7.5 day forecast). Forecast output includes water levels caused by the combined effects of storm surge and tides, by astronomical tides alone, and by sub-tidal water levels (isolated storm surge). The hydrodynamic model employed by Global ESTOFS is the ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) finite element model. Global ESTOFS has a coastal horizontal resolution of at least 1.5 km and up to 80 m globally. Global ESTOFS is a collaborative effort led by the NOAA/National Ocean Service (NOS)/Office of Coast Survey along with the NOAA/National Weather Service (NWS)/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Central Operations (NCO), the University of Notre Dame, Argonne National Laboratory, the University of North Carolina, and The Water Institute of the Gulf.

Coastal Forecast Modeling Systems

NOAA (NOS) Operational Oceanographic Forecast Modeling Systems (OFS)

NOAA provides forecast guidance for water levels, water temperature, salinity, and currents to help mariners safely navigate their local waters. The guidance is generated by a national network of numerical oceanographic forecast modeling systems for the next 48 or 120 hours depending on the water body. These forecast modeling systems are usually run four times per day (e.g. 0, 6, 12, and 18 UTC). The systems are implemented in critical ports, harbors, estuaries, Great Lakes and coastal waters of the United States, and form a national backbone of real-time data, tidal predictions, data management and operational modeling.

Depiction of surface currents for part of the New York/New Jersey Harbor, based on the OFS available there (NYOFS).

Nearshore Wave Prediction System

The Nearshore Wave Prediction System (NWPS) provides on-demand, high-resolution nearshore wave model guidance to U.S. coastal WFOs, triggered in real time by forecast wind grids prepared and submitted by the individual offices. Through an interactive map, users can find forecasts for significant wave height, peak period, wave direction, and wind speed out to 6 days for several stations along the U.S. coastline.

Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS)

Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) is a new and essential component of the NWS’s Climate, Water, and Weather Services. AHPS is a web-based suite of accurate and information-rich forecast products. They display the magnitude and uncertainty of occurrence for floods or droughts, from hours to days and months, in advance. Although AHPS focuses mainly on forecasts of water levels along rivers, it does provide time series plots of observed and predicted water levels at many coastal locations.

Forecasts and Predictions (2024)

FAQs

Forecasts and Predictions? ›

Prediction is concerned with future certainty; forecasting looks at how hidden currents in the present signal possible changes in direction for companies, societies, or the world at large. Thus, the primary goal of forecasting is to identify the full range of possibilities, not a limited set of illusory certainties.

What is the difference between a forecast and a prediction? ›

Prediction involves making an educated guess or projection about a specific outcome without relying on historical data or statistical methods. Forecasting typically focuses on predicting outcomes over a longer time frame, often involving trends and patterns that occur over months, years, or even decades.

What is an example of forecasting and prediction? ›

For example, predictive forecasting can help predict the company's revenue for the coming year based on the forecasted development of specific variables such as search queries, competitor prices and extraordinary events.

Is forecast a synonym for prediction? ›

Some common synonyms of predict are forecast, foretell, prognosticate, and prophesy. While all these words mean "to tell beforehand," predict commonly implies inference from facts or accepted laws of nature.

What is the difference between predictive and forecasting models? ›

Traditional forecasting methods can be time-consuming, requiring manual data analysis and interpretation. Predictive analytics automates much of this process, rapidly processing large data sets, leading to quicker, more efficient decision-making.

What are the three types of forecasting? ›

Key PointsIn planning for the future of their operations, businesses rely on three types of forecasting. These include economic, technological, and demand forecasting.

Can forecasting give accurate prediction? ›

Chakri acknowledges that forecasts are rarely 100% accurate. However, he argues that it's essential to understand the range of the forecast. The planning process should take into account the risks of the supply chain and the ability of the supply chain to support that forecast.

What is a good example of prediction? ›

Predictions are often written in the form of “if, and, then” statements, as in, “if my hypothesis is true, and I were to do this test, then this is what I will observe.” Following our sparrow example, you could predict that, “If sparrows use grass because it is more abundant, and I compare areas that have more twigs ...

What is a short example of prediction? ›

All the local forecasters are predicting rain for this afternoon. She claims that she can predict future events. It's hard to predict how the election will turn out.

What is forecasting in simple words? ›

What is Forecasting? Forecasting refers to the practice of predicting what will happen in the future by taking into consideration events in the past and present. Basically, it is a decision-making tool that helps businesses cope with the impact of the future's uncertainty by examining historical data and trends.

What do you call someone who predicts things? ›

A fortune teller is also known as a soothsayer, or someone who claims to be able to predict the future. Long ago, a soothsayer might have been considered a useful consultant, even for a government, but today soothsayers are more likely to be scoffed at.

What is prediction? ›

A prediction is what someone thinks will happen. A prediction is a forecast, but not only about the weather. Pre means “before” and diction has to do with talking. So a prediction is a statement about the future. It's a guess, sometimes based on facts or evidence, but not always.

What is the word for knowing something before it happens? ›

If you mysteriously know about something before it happens, that's precognition. A feeling that your mom is about to call just before your phone rings might be precognition — or maybe your mom just tends to call you hourly. Belief in precognition is considered superstitious (at least by those who don't believe in it).

What is the difference between forecasting and prediction? ›

The key difference between forecasting and prediction is the level of uncertainty involved in the process. Forecasting relies on historical data and statistical models to make predictions about future trends, while prediction relies on incomplete or uncertain information to make judgments about future events.

What are the 4 types of forecasting models? ›

Frequently asked questions about forecasting models

The four basic types are time series, causal methods (like econometric), judgmental forecasting, and qualitative methods (like Delphi and scenario planning).

What is Einstein forecasting? ›

Einstein Forecasting uses data science and machine learning to predict how much your sales teams will sell at the end of a forecasting period.

What is the difference between a prediction and a forecast quizlet? ›

Forecast is scientific and free from intuition and personal bias, whereas prediction is subjective and fatalistic in nature. prediction is judgmental and takes into account changes taking place in the future.

What is the difference between prediction and forecasting in geography? ›

Prediction is knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike on a spatial and temporal scale that can be acted on meaningfully. Forecasting is less precise and provides % chances of hazards occurring in a particular place.

What is the difference between predicted value and forecasted value? ›

Prediction: A broader term involving statements about future events based on various inputs. It can be made using different data types and methods. Forecasting: A specific type of prediction that uses historical data and statistical models to estimate future values, typically in a time series context.

What is the difference between forecasted and expected? ›

There's a big difference between an expectation and a forecast, even if they seen similar. An expectation is an acknowledgement of how things worked in the past and will likely work in the future. A forecast is strapping that idea to a specific point in time.

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